LiLO, master boot record tarafindan bile kullanilabilir. Bu bilgisayarinizdaki BiOSda yer almaktadir. BiOS, isletim sisteminin nasil yuklenecegine dair talimatlari icerir.
LiLO, lilo. Bu noktada baska bir isletim sistemini tabii ki bilgisayarinizda yuklu olmak kosulu ile acabilirsiniz. Daha sonra cesitli biteslemler icin secenekler tanimlanir. Asagidaki tanimlamalar tamamen user. Ayrintili bilgi icin user. Bu yukleme zamanini epeyce kisaltir ve biteslemi mumkun mertebe kucuk tutar. Bir disket surucuden acilis yapiliyorsa, bu secenegi kullanmaniz siddetle tavsiye edilir.
Bu secenek, klavye etkin hale geldikten hemen sonra dogrudan sabit diskten acilan sistemler icin uygundur. UYARi Diger isletim sistemlerinin, sonradan bu ayarlari sifirlamamasinin bir garantisi yoktur. Bu degisikligin beklenmedik etkileri olabilir. Dogrusal adresler calisma zamaninda kullanilir ve disk geometrisine dayanmaz. Unutmayin ki, acilis disketleri, bu secenek kullanildigi durumlarda tasinabilir olmayabilirler. Cunku 3D adresleme acilis zamanindan once bilinemez.
Disketlerde, lba32 kullaniminda, adresler 3D olarak saklanir. Bu yolla, elle mudahale edilmedigi surece, lilo belli bir tercih uzerinde gkilitlih kalir. Asagiya bakiniz. Eslik bitini tanimlamakta su karakterler kullanilir buyuk veya kucuk harf olabilir : eslik bitinin olmamasi n none , tek eslik biti icin o odd , cift eslik biti icin e even. Sadece 7 ve 8 bit desteklenmektedir.
Ayni sekilde, kullanici uzun sure hareketsiz kalirsa, parola girdisi basarisiz sayilir. Yuksek numaralar daha fazla ayrinti elde edilmesini saglar. En yuksek deger 5 olabilir. Ayrica, cekirdek ayar parametreleri olan append, ramdisk, read-only, read-write, root ve vga genel secenekler icinde tanimlanabilir. Bu secenekle degisik isimler tanimlamak da mumkundur. Test cekirdekleri tanimlamak icin oldukca kullanisli bir secenektir. Deger 0 ise, RAM disk olusturulmaz.
Eger Windowsfun sistemin varsayilan isletim sistemi olmasini istiyorsaniz, varsayilan ayari yeniden duzenlemek icin lilo komutunu —D parametresi ile birlikte kullanilir veya default girisine bir deger atamak icin lilo. Sistemi tekrar baslattiginizda , LiLO komut satirinda dos yazmak yerine windowsfun yuklenmesi icin enterfa basilmasi yeterlidir. Bu parametreler asagidaki tabloda verilmektedir. Conclusion In the study, urban vulnerability in Istanbul for infrastructure and lifelines was evaluated.
Understanding existing urban vulnerability will help minimize loss of unnecessary efforts and expenditures, because the vulnerable area is precisely defined from the results of evaluation, and so necessary efforts can be concentrated in a smaller area. The evaluation results should also be reflected in emergency operation manuals and regional disaster management plans to achieve the goal of disaster management.
In other words, the combination of physical and administrative strengthening will create a disaster safe city. As a result of seismic resistant evaluation of lifelines, especially for gas distribution, it was defined Figure Distribution of Gas Service Box that the network is resistant enough agaDamage INGAS 05 - inst possible earthquakes; however, critical service boxes have potential to trigger serious secondary disaster such as fires, and explosions.
This indicates that just strengthening of lifeline facilities and pipelines is not necessarily sufficient for securing safety and that development of a total system down to the end supplier should be fully considered. Therefore, measures must be considered to avoid collapse of service boxes together with building strengthening efforts, and to have a systematic central control system with emergency response plan, which staffs are fully acquainted with. In the course of implementing the study, fruitful discussions and meetings were held with members of JICA Advisory Committee, Turkish Technical Advisory Committee, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Government, and many other related organizations, the outcome of which included constructive and informative comments and advices.
Thus, it is necessary to indicate that the study could not be completed successfully, if it has not been for the sincere support of the above-mentioned persons and organizations, and it is the authors wish to express deep gratitude and appreciation to all persons involved in the completion of the study. Main Report, 2. Sato, Y. Sinozaki, M. Saeki, R. Erdik, M. Kabeyasawa, T. Kusu and S. Kono edited. Kawakami, H. Morichi and M. Tohma, J. Isoyama, S. Tanaka and M. Kudo, K. Kanno, H. Okada, O.
Erdik, T. Sasatani, S. Higashi, M. Takahashi and K. Erdogan, W. Savage, L. Lund and A. Toprak, S. Increasing Security and Operational Efficiency in Gas Industry SCADA Systems Abstract How the implementation of IT security measures, operator traimng and qualification tools, leak detection systems and advanced gas management applications, mobile workforce management and GIS technologies can reduce operational risks and improve efficiencies in a gas pipeline company.
Presentation closes with an examination of how government regu1ations noware requiring operaring companies to take appropriate measures to increase the safety of their pipe1ines; and if they do not, the corporation and even the general manager and bo ards of directors can be held personally liable in the case of incidents resulting in damages. Efficient Pipeline Operations In a liberal, deregulated market, efficient operations will result in more reliable service, leading to satisfied customers and increased profitability.
SCADA is not a solution in itself; it is a tool to be used by people. People need to be trained to operate the network. Theoretical training supplemented by OJT and combined with simulators and other tools add realism to training. Data on the pyhsical location of and damage on natural gas and sewage pipes were gathered and drawn on raster maps that are techtonic-, ground- and magnitude based. Along with factors like the shape of network and the type of pipes, the distribution of parameters including maximum ground velocity PGV and permanent ground deplacement PGD were shown on the same maps.
We thought that onsite data gathered from the sewage system that stretches across the southern shore of Kocaeli Bay, parallel to the fault that ruptured, will be useful. We assume that this case may have some similarities in terms of earthquake risk and network shape. In this study, we present the results of some studies that were previously done on possible remote-site damage in infrastructure systems as a result of a possible major earthquake that may impact Istanbul.
Then we emphasize the importance of the development of automatic shut-off systems for pipelines for reducing the damage of a possible earthquake drawing on various examples of similar systems in the world. Degirmendere bati deki hasarli hatlar. Derinlik m Altinova-Hersek boru hatti hasarlari 0. Altinova 1. Altinova 2. Altinova 3. B 0. Oktay A. Shih, B. Toprak S. Trifunac, M. Tromans, I. Youd, L. With this purpose, it has been needed a good planning and an extensive work by pre-investment.
A- Pre-Construction studies: Natural Gas Network Projection studies had made up of not only areas covered in Kayseri Distribution License but also by considering region that actually not covered in award but showing wholeness with the city. Mentioned studies have been done for long term gas consumption, for short term studies; building survey in the region where has been taken into investment schedule and other infrastructures were obtained getting into the present project.
With this purpose, our company has materialized Subscriber Management System Software which will operate all activities regarding customer services integrally. Merkezi Sistem 9. Resim 8. Industrial gas flow measurement includes flow measurement that occurs in manufacturing and process plants, including chemical plants and refineries.
Commercial gas flow measurement occurs at businesses and commercial buildings such as restaurants, office buildings, and apartment complexes. This is a form of utility measurement, since these flowmeters typically measure the amount of natural gas used by the business or in the commercial building.
There are many flowmeter to measure gas flow these are given in below. Positive displacement PD flowmeters are widely used for utility gas measurement.
One main type is the diaphragm meter. Another type of PD meter for gas flow measurement is the rotary meter. Rotary meters are used for both liquid and gas industrial applications. Turbine flowmeters have a rotor that spins in proportion to flow rate. Turbine meters are used as a billing meter to measure the amount of gas used at commercial buildings and industrial plants. Diaphragm meter, Rotary flowmeters and Turbine flowmeters have many problems.
With proven reliability, superior accuracy and a low cost-of-ownership, they provide unsurpassed total performance. Gas Technology Gas metering has become very important for transportation and distribution companies over the last decade. The main reasons for this are the increase in energy costs, the customization of the industry, the fair dealing between buyer and seller, and the increasing interest of official measuring entities. Metering is also directly involved in determining the financial resources of gas companies and may be considered to be a vital function requiring great accuracy and dependability.
Ayfiekil 7. Osman F. Lars B. Why is Gas Conversion Necessary? Abstract Gas measuring, gas conversion and remote reading are becoming key issues in a liberalized gas world. Gas conversion and determination of used energy have typically been a task for special educated technicians. In a liberalized gas world these things need to be explained and easily transformed to the end users.
This article describes the basic theory of natural gas conversion and explains the possibilities by using remote reading for both grid supervision and customer billing. Introduction: The gas conversion assignment: from measured volume to energy All over the natural gas grid, there have been installed mechanical gas meters to measure the gas volume passing through the lines for supplying different quantities of gas.
This article describes the way from the measured volume up to the calculated energy, which is the basic figure of interest for the gas consumer. Figure 1. There exist different types of mechanical gas meters, but they all do the same job — to measure the actual volume of gas passing through the runs existing on MR-Stations meter and regulation stations , Border Stations or measuring points for industrial or commercial consumers.
The next job is to transfer the measured volume into a figure comparable with the energy passing through the line. The law of ideal gasses also refers to natural gas Natural gas meets the law of ideal gasses, which means that the gas is determined by the state referring to pressure and temperature.
Natural gas is a compressible medium, which makes it harder to determine the actual volume. If you want to know the gas amount, you have to know the pressure, temperature and compressibility factor. The figure below gives some examples in which way the gas flow changes, when the state i.
The above figure shows, that the gas flow is related to the state of the natural gas. If the pressure and temperature changes, you need a method to determine and describe the amount of gas used. What is gas conversion? Gas conversion means to transform the actual state of the gas to a base condition defined by a base pressure and a base temperature.
The converted volume is measured in normal cubic meter [m3n]. The idea to convert the volume to a base condition is that the amount of energy in a normal cubic meter can be measured, which gives a direct relation between the volume measured and the amount of energy used. The amount of energy at base conditions depends on the chemical mixture of the natural gas. A process instrument called a gas chromatograph, which also can determine the chemical fractures of the individual components in the gas, can measure the energy amount in a normal cubic meter.
The compressibility factor Z is a complex function depending on P, T and the gas composition. Based on the figures measured, the device converts the measured volume into the normal volume.
Furthermore, the gas conversion device can be equipped with data logger capability, remote reading equipment analogue output card etc. If the pressure and temperature are constant, the gas conversion factor would always be constant. But the reality is, that pressure and temperature are varying over time, and this is reason why you need an electronic device which can make the calculation continuously and take the variation of pressure and temperature in consideration.
On low pressure systems, the pressure in different cases tends to be constant. In those cases it is sufficient to measure the temperature. Such an instrument is called a TZ-conversion device instead of a PTZ-conversion device which considers the pressure. Accuracy of the different elements in the gas conversion system Measuring equipment can never measure a value precisely.
Above some basic figures are shown for the accuracy on each process equipment in the gas conversion system. The temperature is measured in degrees KelT vin. The purpose of the use of a gas conversion Gas converted to the normal volume is directly proportional with the energy, and that is important to know in the following situation.
Gas conversion is necessary in two main directions: 1 For billing purposes, 2 For grid operators to know exactly what is going on in the system in order to maintain it in the most efficient way. Different types of gas conversion equipment Depending on the assignment, different types of gas conversion devices are being used.
In this section, we will try to give the most common characteristics of the different types of gas conversion devices. Gas flow computers for transmission and large end users Gas flow computers are used on the largest measurement point, typically on boarder stations and large end consumers power plants and fertilizer plants which consumes a huge amount of gas and needs special output signals.
Gas flow computers are typically working with process measurement equipment for pressure and temperature. The measurement equipment are mA signals, often included INGAS 05 - with a HART protocol which digitalize the sensor and increase the total accuracy of the complete system. Gas flow computers are supporting inputs from Namur sensors meaning HF-pulses from the gas meter. Gas flow computers support the full calculation of the compressibility factor, and the user are able to change between the most common methods like AGA-8 and SGERG The tendency is that gas flow computers support instruments for measuring heat values and gas quality.
An example is the Maxiflo which has a data interface that can receive live gas data from a Yamatake Gas Chromatograph. This solution is a complete energy measuring system that has a strong appeal to all kind of border measurement station whether they are placed in the transmission or distribution system. PTZ-Gas conversion devices for end users with large gas consumption and changes in gas pressure and temperature PTZ gas conversion devices are designed for measuring on a single end point where pressure and temperature varies.
PTZ gas conversion devices are in many cases battery powered because the gas station is pure mechanical without any electrical connections. Battery powered applications are limited, due to limitations in the energy of the battery, but last years heavily development in low power battery powered electronics gives many possibilities and features with a limited amount of energy.
One big difference to the flow computer is, that the battery driven PTZ conversion device is not using the complete gas formular. Instead it uses a table with pre-programmed values of compressibility factors from varying pressures and temperatures, which are interpolated to the measured values of pressure and temperature. This is the explanation why a PTZ conversion device is not suitable to work with a gas chromatograph. PTZ gas conversion devices have typically a data logger inside the device, which can contain hourly readings from a few weeks up to a single year.
Today, PTZ conversion devices are a combination of a conversion device and a data logger. The output signals are meant for the customer who can use them as inputs in his own PLC-system for monitoring his complete energy process. The important issue is to have a converted volume taking changing in gas temperature into consideration. Remote reading and automatic meter reading AMR The demand for remote reading has increased heavily specially in Western Europe during the last years.
The demand moves quickly to the rest of the World, because the advantages for collecting data to a central place are obvious. The heaviest development is seen on GSM-modules which are now able to use the internet to send data from a device to a central computer GPRS. Since there will be an ongoing development in remote reading technologies, and gas conversion devices have a lifetime of years, the users must expect to handle different technologies for there complete park of instruments.
Parameterization and changes of different settings can be relevant, but we have the opinion that it is much better to have a stable collecting systems for consumption values for all devices instead of a fancy SCADA system covering a small part of measurement points.
Future demands to gas conversion Energy is a limited resource. Wherever possible, the energy must be used as efficient as possible. The first step is to know exactly the amount of energy used. Using natural gas, gas conversion is the method to give this information and the basic thing to introduce, when this energy resource is going to be used more efficiently. A way to start is to increase the efficiency of the grid and extend the measuring process towards the large consumers.
Where to end measuring depend on the price of energy, but a rough guess would be, that gas consumers with an annual consumption of more than Which impact will liberalization have on the need for gas conversion? Right now in January nobody really knows which impact a liberalisation and privatisation will have on the natural gas business, but at least one thing is clear: New players, supplying different quantities and special different qualities of natural gas, will for sure occupy the gas market.
That means gasses with different compositions and physical characteristics. The demand for measuring will increase. Every time you introduce a new player, you also introduce the need for measuring.
FLONIDAN DC anticipates that energy systems first of all will be installed on strategic places in the gas network, secondly at larger industrial- and commercial consumers.
Gas conversion is only one part of the future measuring system in a liberalised gas market. In the future, gas conversion devices should be equipped with remote reading possibilities in order to perform the liberalisation works. Conclusion The conclusion is clear; Efficient measuring results in a better-operated gas grid with smaller operational costs. In the end of the day, it will give the gas consumer a more competitive gas price and increase customer satisfaction.
This necessary energy will provided through renewable energy and the increase of the effectiveness of your utilization. Same examples of gas appliances show us the multiple possibilities gas utilizations with gas cooker, gas heating, gas sauna, gas washing dryer, gas grill, terrace heating radiator, gas lamps, gas cars and gas station.
The other way for a effectly thermal efficiency is the no-central power supply with gas engines, stirling engine, gas turbine, micro gas turbine and fuel cells for household, trade establishment and industry. At the end gives same examples for the connection of natural gas fossil energy with renewable energies.
Technology of Gas Utilization 1. CO2 — generation by fuels 2. Gross calorific value boiler Figure 6. Natural gas driven cars Natural gas station: Figure 7. Figure 8. Solo Stirling engine Schnittbild Figure Gas turbine Figure Microgas turbine Figure Function of a fuel cell Figure Natural gas consumption Figure Fuel cell heating in the household Figure Our vision is to exist with quality wherever energy is. Our mission is to offer natural gas service in the most economical way and to ensure customer satisfaction with a reliable infrastructure and awareness for a clean environment through the active participation of our employees and the use of the most advanced technologies.
IGDAS is a customer-satisfaction oriented organization and therefore making the lives of our customers easier through our services is our topmost priority. Grafik 2. Grafik 3. Harita 1. Gas companies are ready for market competition, only when they are able to understand the consumers and know their requests, and when they can offer the best solution for consumers. To know consumers, or it is better to say, different segments of market, gas companies have to be supplied by some information.
This collection of information is known as a market research [1]. Changes on energy markets, social changes, and changes in supply and demand are new challenges for gas companies. More and more, the consumers ask for individual and flexible filling of their requests. The market research has the task to reach the wishes of the effective and potential consumers associated with their energy demands, and by means the quantitative and qualitative questionnaires.
Only when gas companies know enough the consumers wishes and demands, they are able to offer their consumers such solutions those would be positive different from the offers of the competition. Gas companies should, alone or with their partners, make the market research, particularly for the sectors of households, handcrafts, industry and CNG-vehicles [2]. Since the market research is not considered enough in gas companies, especially in transition countries, this paper deals with basic issues those gas companies should consider through the market research.
Introduction Gas companies in transition countries are in a phase, or will soon reach the phase in which they must struggle to maintain the existing market, and search for new users and markets as well.
Deregulation of the market of energy industries that is being carried out in the member countries of the EU will also inevitably have to be performed in transition countries of Central, Eastern and Southern Europe. Thus, it is the right time for gas companies to get a detailed perspective of what such process will bring for them, and to punctually take measures to survive and to have a stable role in the market of energy industries.
In that, gas companies have a very significant argument in their favour, and that is that they provide a form of energy that is proclaimed the fuel of the 21st century, and another important mechanism in the struggle for the market is quality research and analysis of the market through the execution of all measures that modern marketing offers and that are already in application in the countries of Western Europe.
This paper shows some of the methods of market research and analysis, incentive measures for larger utilization of natural gas, and also the most common mistakes thus made. Only through permanent marketing analysis can the sales results be increased and a significant share of the market be secured.
In order to maintain the financial and personnel resources within competitive limits, specific and concrete instruments for different target groups should be selected. New ways of communication with customers are particularly significant therein for the market and the end user segment [3].
Market research and analysis All planning — and thus the planning of marketing, i. In marketing planning, the starting point should be determining basic and competitive strategies, determining a guiding principle and the objective, and then acquiring necessary information through analyses within and outside of the company.
After that, strategic business units are formed most commonly it is a department for marketing and development and teams for market research and analysis, and the resources that are to be used therein are determined [4]. In terms of market analysis that one gas company should perform, establishing a market share of natural gas for a certain purpose, or a share in the energy market in general in relation to competitive forms of energy should be placed first.
Figure 1 shows an example of a graph representing the shares of different forms of energy used for heating in the area of GASAG, Berlin [5]. Share of different forms of energy used for heating GASAG, Berlin After performing the research on market share in relation to other forms of energy, it is very important for gas companies to also know the consumption schedule of natural gas consumption, for different customer groups target groups.
Both previously mentioned types of research are not worth performing just once every 10 years. The said research must be performed continuously in a longer period, and it is best INGAS 05 - done from the company foundation. What the trend of consumption of gas, natural gas and competitive forms of energy looked like in the period can be seen in Figure 3 on the example of GASAG company, Berlin.
Apart from the mentioned market research, it is necessary to perform an analysis of consumption of individual natural gas users during a year.
Such analyses serve gas companies in more precise planning of procurement and better management of gas system. Figure 4 shows the consumption of different customer groups in the area of Sarajevo Canton, as an example of such an analysis [6].
Measures of marketing i. This chapter discusses marketing and market research measures more extensively, which could help gas companies to maintain or increase their shares in the market of energy industries [6]. Promotion of natural gas as a most favorable form of energy from the aspect of ecology This measure is rightfully placed first, as it is a fact that natural gas is not promoted enough in terms of ecological advantages of the fuel, and it could even be said that it is not at all promoted in that sense.
Therefore, it is necessary for gas companies gas transmission and distribution to take actions regarding the promotion of natural gas in terms of environmental value in order to neutralize in part the negative impact made on the public, when prices and supply are discussed, and which is received from the media at least once a year, leaving a considerable impression on current and future users.
The above-mentioned activities are listed here only as ideas, and gas companies should certainly develop them in more detail before realization. Marketing of gas appliances for different target groups Measures stated in the previous paragraph have a general character and should be completed with concrete marketing measures towards specific target groups.
This marketing plan should anticipate activity measures towards each of the mentioned target groups. A gas distribution company, with the aim to increase natural gas consumption for particular purposes in household use and handicraft trade use, needs to develop, i.
Planning and realization of incentive measures for natural gas users possibility of granting credits for realization of gas installations and purchasing appliances Very often, current and potential natural gas users wish to construct installations and install modern gas appliances, but in the given moment they do not have the necessary resources for that.
Therefore, it is an increasing trend in the world for gas companies and other companies supplying energy products to provide credits for their users. In transition countries, this stimulating and marketing measure could prove to be a key stimulating measure for restructuring and increase of natural gas consumption. In relation to that, it is necessary that commercial banks, equipment manufacturers and retailers, together with gas companies plan and realize a long-term cooperation in order to increase the sales of appliances and consumption of natural gas [6].
Determining and applying several different tariffs according to quantity and continuity of natural gas consumption Taking into consideration the tariff policy of gas companies in developed countries, it can be noticed that they have 5 to 8 tariff groups, namely according to quantity of natural gas consumption during a year and the continuity of consumption. Download ZIP. This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below.
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N ileri, n geri. Asagidaki her iki komut A makinasinda calisiyor. Sirasi ile A - C - B makinalari var. A'dan B'ye direk erisim yok, arada. C uzerinden tunelleme yapiliyor. C makinasini kullan. Topology: A A'dan C'ye yapabiliyor ama C'den A'ya ssh yapamiyorsak;. Gereksinimler: B'de ssh-server kurulu olmali ve nolu disardan gelen istekleri kabul etmeli. A'da ssh-client olmali.
C'de ssh-client olmali. Amac E'den A'ya ulasmak;. Rotate PDF. PDF to Word. PDF to Excel. Word to PDF. Excel to PDF. Unlock PDF. Protect PDF. Page mode is only available with Smallpdf Pro. Try 7 days free. File mode. Page mode Pro.
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